The ERA5 global reanalysis

Author(s):
Hersbach, H.; Bell, B.; Berrisford, P.; Hirahara, S.; Horányi, A.; Muñoz-Sabater, J.; Nicolas, J.; Peubey, C.; Radu, R.; Schepers, D.; Simmons, A.; Soci, C.; Abdalla, S.; Abellan, X.; Balsamo, G.; Bechtold, P.; Biavati, G.; Bidlot, J.; Bonavita, M.; De Chiara, G.; Dahlgren, P.; Dee, D.; Diamantakis, M.; Dragani, R.; Flemming, J.; Forbes, R.; Fuentes, M.; Geer, A.; Haimberger, L.; Healy, S.; Hogan, R.J.; Hólm, E.; Janisková, M.; Keeley, S.; Laloyaux, P.; Lopez, P.; Lupu, C.; Radnoti, G.; de Rosnay, P.; Rozum, I.; Vamborg, F.; Villaume, S.; Thépaut, J.-N.
Publication title: Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
2020
 | Volume: 146 | Issue: 730
2020
DOI: 10.1002/qj.3803
Abstract:
Within the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), ECMWF is producing the ERA5 reanalysis which, once completed, will embody a detailed record of the… Within the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), ECMWF is producing the ERA5 reanalysis which, once completed, will embody a detailed record of the global atmosphere, land surface and ocean waves from 1950 onwards. This new reanalysis replaces the ERA-Interim reanalysis (spanning 1979 onwards) which was started in 2006. ERA5 is based on the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) Cy41r2 which was operational in 2016. ERA5 thus benefits from a decade of developments in model physics, core dynamics and data assimilation. In addition to a significantly enhanced horizontal resolution of 31 km, compared to 80 km for ERA-Interim, ERA5 has hourly output throughout, and an uncertainty estimate from an ensemble (3-hourly at half the horizontal resolution). This paper describes the general set-up of ERA5, as well as a basic evaluation of characteristics and performance, with a focus on the dataset from 1979 onwards which is currently publicly available. Re-forecasts from ERA5 analyses show a gain of up to one day in skill with respect to ERA-Interim. Comparison with radiosonde and PILOT data prior to assimilation shows an improved fit for temperature, wind and humidity in the troposphere, but not the stratosphere. A comparison with independent buoy data shows a much improved fit for ocean wave height. The uncertainty estimate reflects the evolution of the observing systems used in ERA5. The enhanced temporal and spatial resolution allows for a detailed evolution of weather systems. For precipitation, global-mean correlation with monthly-mean GPCP data is increased from 67% to 77%. In general, low-frequency variability is found to be well represented and from 10 hPa downwards general patterns of anomalies in temperature match those from the ERA-Interim, MERRA-2 and JRA-55 reanalyses. © 2020 The Authors. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the Royal Meteorological Society. more
Application Climate Data Records Cryosphere OSI-SAF

The EU-FP7 ERA-CLIM2 Project Contribution to Advancing Science and Production of Earth System Climate Reanalyses

Author(s):
Buizza, Roberto; Brönnimann, Stefan; Haimberger, Leopold; Laloyaux, Patrick; Martin, Matthew J.; Fuentes, Manuel; Alonso-Balmaseda, Magdalena; Becker, Andreas; Blaschek, Michael; Dahlgren, Per; de Boisseson, Eric; Dee, Dick; Doutriaux-Boucher, Marie; Feng, Xiangbo; John, Viju O.; Haines, Keith; Jourdain, Sylvie; Kosaka, Yuki; Lea, Daniel; Lemarié, Florian; Mayer, Michael; Messina, Palmira; Perruche, Coralie; Peylin, Philippe; Pullainen, Jounie; Rayner, Nick; Rustemeier, Elke; Schepers, Dinand; Saunders, Roger; Schulz, Jörg; Sterin, Alexander; Stichelberger, Sebastian; Storto, Andrea; Testut, Charles-Emmanuel; Valente, Maria-Antóonia; Vidard, Arthur; Vuichard, Nicolas; Weaver, Anthony; While, James; Ziese, Markus
Publication title: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
2018
 | Volume: 99 | Issue: 5
2018
DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0199.1
Abstract:
Abstract The European Reanalysis of Global Climate Observations 2 (ERA-CLIM2) is a European Union Seventh Framework Project started in January 2014 an… Abstract The European Reanalysis of Global Climate Observations 2 (ERA-CLIM2) is a European Union Seventh Framework Project started in January 2014 and due to be completed in December 2017. It aims to produce coupled reanalyses, which are physically consistent datasets describing the evolution of the global atmosphere, ocean, land surface, cryosphere, and the carbon cycle. ERA-CLIM2 has contributed to advancing the capacity for producing state-of-the-art climate reanalyses that extend back to the early twentieth century. ERA-CLIM2 has led to the generation of the first European ensemble of coupled ocean, sea ice, land, and atmosphere reanalyses of the twentieth century. The project has funded work to rescue and prepare observations and to advance the data-assimilation systems required to generate operational reanalyses, such as the ones planned by the European Union Copernicus Climate Change Service. This paper summarizes the main goals of the project, discusses some of its main areas of activities, and presents some of its key results. more
Application EUM-Secr International cooperation

The development and persistence of soil moisture stress during drought across southwestern Germany

Author(s):
Tijdeman, E.; Menzel, L.
Publication title: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
2021
 | Volume: 25 | Issue: 4
2021
DOI: 10.5194/hess-25-2009-2021
Abstract:
The drought of 2018 in central and northern Europe showed once more the large impact that this natural hazard can have on the environment and society.… The drought of 2018 in central and northern Europe showed once more the large impact that this natural hazard can have on the environment and society. Such droughts are often seen as slowly developing phenomena. However, root zone soil moisture deficits can rapidly develop during periods lacking precipitation and meteorological conditions that favor high evapotranspiration rates. These periods of soil moisture stress can persist for as long as the meteorological drought conditions last, thereby negatively affecting vegetation and crop health. In this study, we aim to characterize past soil moisture stress events over the croplands of southwestern Germany and, furthermore, to relate the characteristics of these past events to different soil and climate properties.We first simulated daily soil moisture over the period 1989 2018 on a 1 km resolution grid, using the physically based hydrological model TRAIN. We then derived various soil moisture stress characteristics, including probability, development time, and persistence, from the simulated time series of all agricultural grid cells (n 15000). Logistic regression and correlation were then applied to relate the derived characteristics to the plant-Available storage capacity of the root zone and to the climatological setting. Finally, sensitivity analyses were carried out to investigate how results changed when using a different parameterization of the root zone, i.e., soil based or fixed, or when assessing soil moisture drought (anomaly) instead of stress. Results reveal that the majority of agricultural grid cells across the study region reached soil moisture stress during prominent drought years. The development time of these soil moisture stress events varied substantially, from as little as 10 d to over 4 months. The persistence of soil moisture stress varied as well and was especially high for the drought of 2018. A strong control on the probability and development time of soil moisture stress was found to be the storage capacity of the root zone, whereas the persistence was not strongly linearly related to any of the considered controls. On the other hand, the sensitivity analyses revealed the increased control of climate on soil moisture stress characteristics when using a fixed instead of a soil-based root zone storage. Thus, the strength of different controls depends on the assumptions made during modeling. Nonetheless, the storage capacity of the root zone, whether it is a characteristic of the soil or a difference between a shallow or deep rooting crop, remains an important control on soil moisture stress characteristics. This is different for SM drought characteristics, which have little or contrasting relation with the storage capacity of the root zone. Overall, the results give insight to the large spatial and temporal variability in soil moisture stress characteristics and suggest the importance of considering differences in root zone soil storage for agricultural drought assessments. © 2021 Copernicus GmbH. All rights reserved. more
Application Atmosphere CM-SAF Climate Data Records

The Effect of Error Non-Orthogonality on Triple Collocation Analyses

Author(s):
Vogelzang, Jur; Stoffelen, Ad; Verhoef, Anton
Publication title: Remote Sensing
2022
 | Volume: 14 | Issue: 17
2022
DOI: 10.3390/rs14174268
Abstract:
Triple collocation analysis is an established technique for calculating the relative linear intercalibration coefficients and observation error varian… Triple collocation analysis is an established technique for calculating the relative linear intercalibration coefficients and observation error variances for physical quantities measured simultaneously in space and time by three different observation systems. A simple parameterized error model is used. It relies on a few assumptions, one of which is that the observation errors are independent of the magnitude of the observed quantities. This is referred to as error orthogonality. Using an ocean surface vector winds data set of 44,948 collocations, this study shows that the violation of error orthogonality does affect the calibration coefficients but has only a small second-order effect on the observation error variances of the calibrated data. more
Atmosphere Climate Data Records Method OSI-SAF

The EUMETSAT sea ice concentration climate data record

Author(s):
Tonboe, Rasmus T.; Eastwood, Steinar; Lavergne, Thomas; Sørensen, Atle M.; Rathmann, Nicholas; Dybkjær, Gorm; Pedersen, Leif Toudal; Høyer, Jacob L.; Kern, Stefan
Publication title: The Cryosphere
2016
 | Volume: 10 | Issue: 5
2016
DOI: 10.5194/tc-10-2275-2016
Abstract:
Abstract. An Arctic and Antarctic sea ice area and extent dataset has been generated by EUMETSAT's Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (O… Abstract. An Arctic and Antarctic sea ice area and extent dataset has been generated by EUMETSAT's Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (OSISAF) using the record of microwave radiometer data from NASA's Nimbus 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave radiometer (SMMR) and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager and Sounder (SSMIS) satellite sensors. The dataset covers the period from October 1978 to April 2015 and updates and further developments are planned for the next phase of the project. The methodology for computing the sea ice concentration uses (1) numerical weather prediction (NWP) data input to a radiative transfer model for reduction of the impact of weather conditions on the measured brightness temperatures; (2) dynamical algorithm tie points to mitigate trends in residual atmospheric, sea ice, and water emission characteristics and inter-sensor differences/biases; and (3) a hybrid sea ice concentration algorithm using the Bristol algorithm over ice and the Bootstrap algorithm in frequency mode over open water. A new sea ice concentration uncertainty algorithm has been developed to estimate the spatial and temporal variability in sea ice concentration retrieval accuracy. A comparison to US National Ice Center sea ice charts from the Arctic and the Antarctic shows that ice concentrations are higher in the ice charts than estimated from the radiometer data at intermediate sea ice concentrations between open water and 100 % ice. The sea ice concentration climate data record is available for download at www.osi-saf.org, including documentation. more
Climate Data Records Cryosphere Method OSI-SAF Validation

The GOME-2 instrument on the Metop series of satellites: instrument design, calibration, and level 1 data processing – an overview

Author(s):
Munro, Rosemary; Lang, Rüdiger; Klaes, Dieter; Poli, Gabriele; Retscher, Christian; Lindstrot, Rasmus; Huckle, Roger; Lacan, Antoine; Grzegorski, Michael; Holdak, Andriy; Kokhanovsky, Alexander; Livschitz, Jakob; Eisinger, Michael
Publication title: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
2016
 | Volume: 9 | Issue: 3
2016
DOI: 10.5194/amt-9-1279-2016
Abstract:
Abstract. The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) flies on the Metop series of satellites, the space component of the EUMETSAT Polar System.… Abstract. The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) flies on the Metop series of satellites, the space component of the EUMETSAT Polar System. In this paper we will provide an overview of the instrument design, the on-ground calibration and characterization activities, in-flight calibration, and level 0 to 1 data processing. The current status of the level 1 data is presented and points of specific relevance to users are highlighted. Long-term level 1 data consistency is also discussed and plans for future work are outlined. The information contained in this paper summarizes a large number of technical reports and related documents containing information that is not currently available in the published literature. These reports and documents are however made available on the EUMETSAT web pages and readers requiring more details than can be provided in this overview paper will find appropriate references at relevant points in the text. more
Climate Data Records EUM-Secr Method

The Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Data – HOAPS-3

Author(s):
Andersson, A.; Fennig, K.; Klepp, C.; Bakan, S.; Graßl, H.; Schulz, J.
Publication title: Earth System Science Data
2010
 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 2
2010
DOI: 10.5194/essd-2-215-2010
Abstract:
The availability of microwave instruments on satellite platforms allows the retrieval of essential water cycle components at high quality for improved… The availability of microwave instruments on satellite platforms allows the retrieval of essential water cycle components at high quality for improved understanding and evaluation of water processes in climate modelling. HOAPS-3, the latest version of the satellite climatology "Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Data" provides fields of turbulent heat fluxes, evaporation, precipitation, freshwater flux and related atmospheric variables over the global ice-free ocean. This paper describes the content, methodology and retrievals of the HOAPS climatology. A sophisticated processing chain, including all available Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) instruments aboard the satellites of the Defense Meteorological Satellites Program (DMSP) and careful inter-sensor calibration, ensures a homogeneous time-series with dense data sampling and hence detailed information of the underlying weather situations. The completely reprocessed data set with a continuous time series from 1987 to 2005 contains neural network based algorithms for precipitation and wind speed and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) based SST fields. Additionally, a new 85 GHz synthesis procedure for the defective SSM/I channels on DMSP F08 from 1988 on has been implemented. Freely available monthly and pentad means, twice daily composites and scan-based data make HOAPS-3 a versatile data set for studying ocean-atmosphere interaction on different temporal and spatial scales. HOAPS-3 data products are available via http://www.hoaps.org. more
Atmosphere CM-SAF Climate Data Records Method

The impacts of incentive policies on improving private investment for rural electrification in Nigeria – A geospatial study

Author(s):
Husein, Munir; Moner-Girona, Magda; Falchetta, Giacomo; Stevanato, Nicolò; Fahl, Fernando; Szabó, Sandor
Publication title: Heliyon
2024
 | Volume: 10 | Issue: 5
2024
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27440
Abstract:
In Nigeria, 86 million people lack electricity access, the highest number worldwide, predominantly in rural areas. Despite government efforts, constra… In Nigeria, 86 million people lack electricity access, the highest number worldwide, predominantly in rural areas. Despite government efforts, constrained budgets necessitate private investors, who, without adequate incentives, are hesitant to commit capital due to perceived high risks. This study identifies three existing incentive policies—concessionary loans, capital subsidy, and financing productive use equipment—aimed at promoting rural electrification in Nigeria. Employing geospatial and regulatory analyses, we evaluate their impact on electrification planning across 22,696 population clusters. While all incentives encourage mini-grids and stand-alone systems, results show varied impacts, predominantly favouring mini-grids. Under the baseline, grid extension is optimal for 66% of clusters, followed by mini-grids (27%) and stand-alone systems (7%). Concessionary loans boost mini-grid and Stand-Alone Systems shares by 10% and 5%, respectively. Capital subsidies increase the mini-grid share to 41%, surpassing concessional loans (37%). Financing productive equipment enhances Stand-Alone Systems and mini-grid shares to 15% and 43%. Incentives impact LCOE, CAPEX, and OPEX, with average LCOE reducing to 0.31 EUR/kWh (concessionary loans), 0.30 EUR/kWh (capital subsidy), and 0.27 EUR/kWh (financing productive use). Financing productive uses proves decisively more effective in lowering costs for mini-grids and stand-alone systems than loans or capital subsidies. The important policy implications of this study reinforce the need for tailored incentives for distinct electrification options. more
Atmosphere CM-SAF Climate Data Records Validation

The evolution and dynamics of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai sulfate aerosol plume in the stratosphere

Author(s):
Legras, Bernard; Duchamp, Clair; Sellitto, Pasquale; Podglajen, Aurelien; Carboni, Elisa; Siddans, Richard; Groob, Jens-Uwe; Khaykin, Sergey; Ploeger, Felix
Publication title: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
2022
 | Volume: 22 | Issue: 22
2022
DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-14957-2022
Abstract:
We use a combination of spaceborne instruments to study the unprecedented stratospheric plume after the Tonga eruption of 15 January 2022. The aerosol… We use a combination of spaceborne instruments to study the unprecedented stratospheric plume after the Tonga eruption of 15 January 2022. The aerosol plume was initially formed of two clouds at 30 and 28gkm, mostly composed of submicron-sized sulfate particles, without ash, which is washed out within the first day following the eruption. The large amount of injected water vapour led to a fast conversion of SO2 to sulfate aerosols and induced a descent of the plume to 24-26gkm over the first 3 weeks by radiative cooling. Whereas SO2 returned to background levels by the end of January, volcanic sulfates and water still persisted after 6 months, mainly confined between 35ggS and 20ggN until June due to the zonal symmetry of the summer stratospheric circulation at 22-26gkm. Sulfate particles, undergoing hygroscopic growth and coagulation, sediment and gradually separate from the moisture anomaly entrained in the ascending branch Brewer-Dobson circulation. Sulfate aerosol optical depths derived from the IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) infrared sounder show that during the first 2 months, the aerosol plume was not simply diluted and dispersed passively but rather organized in concentrated patches. Space-borne lidar winds suggest that those structures, generated by shear-induced instabilities, are associated with vorticity anomalies that may have enhanced the duration and impact of the plume. © Copyright: more
Application Atmosphere NWP-SAF Software for CDR development

The IASI NH3 version 4 product: averaging kernels and improved consistency

Author(s):
Clarisse, L.; Franco, B.; Van Damme, M.; Di Gioacchino, T.; Hadji-Lazaro, J.; Whitburn, S.; Noppen, L.; Hurtmans, D.; Clerbaux, C.; Coheur, P.
Publication title: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
2023
 | Volume: 16 | Issue: 21
2023
DOI: 10.5194/amt-16-5009-2023
Abstract:
Satellite measurements play an increasingly important role in the study of atmospheric ammonia (NH3). Here, we present version 4 of the Artificial Neu… Satellite measurements play an increasingly important role in the study of atmospheric ammonia (NH3). Here, we present version 4 of the Artificial Neural Network for IASI (ANNI; IASI: Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) retrieval of NH3. The main change is the introduction of total column averaging kernels (AVKs), which can be used to undo the effect of the vertical profile shape assumption of the retrieval. While the main equations can be matched term for term with analogous ones used in UV/Vis retrievals for other minor absorbers, we derive the formalism from the ground up, as its applicability to thermal infrared measurements is non-trivial. A large number of other smaller changes were introduced in ANNI v4, most of which improve the consistency of the measurements across time and across the series of IASI instruments. This includes a more robust way of calculating the hyperspectral range index (HRI), explicitly accounting for long-term changes in CO2 in the HRI calculation and the use of a reprocessed cloud product that was specifically developed for climate applications. The NH3 distributions derived with ANNI v4 are very similar to the ones derived with v3, although values are about 10 %-20 % larger due to the improved setup of the HRI. We exclude further large biases of the same nature by showing the consistency between ANNI v4 derived NH3 columns with columns obtained with an optimal estimation approach. Finally, with v4, we revised the uncertainty budget and now report systematic uncertainty estimates alongside random uncertainties, allowing realistic mean uncertainties to be estimated. Copyright: © 2023 Lieven Clarisse et al. more
Application Atmosphere Climate Data Records EUM-Secr
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